Welcome to the Free Online Scholarship (FOS)
Newsletter
May 15, 2002
Protecting the information commons
Last Friday I spoke at the "Protecting the Information Commons" conference
in Washington, D.C., sponsored by Public Knowledge and the New America
Foundation. This was an advocacy conference. The mission is to
reclaim the public domain from the aggressive expansion of intellectual property
law, and to give voice to the public interest to balance or offset the private
interests that have the ear of Congress. I spoke on the Budapest Open
Access Initiative and represented the information commons that consists of open
access to scientific and scholarly journal literature. It was a joy to
make contact with so many smart, energetic people who are pulling in the same
direction and willing to lend each other a hand. FOS is just one front in
a wider campaign, and it was exciting to talk with activists working on the
other fronts. Those working on information commons threatened by patents,
or by the privatization of infrastructure, were as interested in the FOS issues
and successes as I was in theirs.
Seth Shulman, who happened to speak at this conference, wrote last November
that intellectual property critics of many different kinds are being brought
together in the same way in which environmental movement brought together
activists on many separate but related issues.
That's how this meeting felt. Separate strands of public-interest
activism with overlapping issues are discovering their common ground, their need
for strength in numbers, and their need for pooled strategies and wisdom.
This is a very positive development.
I can't summarize the papers here. But here are two tidbits of
special interest to FOSN readers.
* Rep. Rick Boucher told us that the bill he will introduce in a few weeks,
if passed, will restore fair-use rights denied by the DMCA, and legalize
circumvention except when there is an intent to infringe. A bill he may
introduce after that would prevent contracts (including software, journal, and
database licenses) from giving copyright owners more protection than federal
copyright law already gives them. He also assured us that the CBDTPA will
not pass.
* Richard Stallman told me that he sees no good reason to use the GPL or
copyleft for scientific journal articles (see
FOSN for 2/6/02). GLP makes
more sense for software manuals or textbooks, where new developments create a
need to modify the original text. But articles that report the result of
an experiment, or the observations of a scientist, should not be
modified.
"Protecting the Information Commons: Asserting the Public Interest in
Copyright Law and Digital Infrastructure"
Scott Burnell's UPI story about the conference
Budapest Open Access Initiatve
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Why FOS progress has been slow
The information commons conference made me think, again, about why progress
in the FOS movement has been slow. Progress in achieving FOS has been
accelerating, especially in the past two years. But compared to the rate
permitted by our opportunities, progress has been slow. All the means to
this end are within the control of scientists and scholars themselves and don't
depend on legislatures or markets. We needn't wait for anyone to become
enlightened except ourselves. So what is slowing us down?
Scientists and scholars voluntarily submit their work to journals that do
not pay royalties. They can self-archive their preprints and some form of
their postprints without copyright problems. If they submit their work to
an open-access journal, then they can publish in a peer-reviewed journal, face
no copyright problems, and still get open access to their work. So here
are authors who consent to dispense with payment, who face no economic loss (and
much intangible gain) for allowing the free distribution and copying of their
work, and who face no copyright barriers in authorizing open access. Yet
open access to science and scholarship is expanding much more slowly than it
could. The other movements represented at the conference face more vexing
problems than we do: either flat-out copyright (or patent) barriers, or
lack of consent from the rightsholders, or both. So if our case is the
easy case, why is it so hard?
Stevan Harnad calls this question the *big koan*. Here's a whack at
an answer. There is no single cause of scholarly sluggishness on FOS, but
here are some of the factors that certainly play a role.
(1) Unlike librarians, scholars tend not to understand the serials pricing
crisis. They tend not to understand the licensing and copyright
(contractual and statutory) problems that are laid on top of exorbitant prices
to make library access to journals so difficult. They tend not to
understand the economics and technology of journal publishing. I don't
blame them much. I had to take a large detour from my own research
interests to gain the degree of understanding I have now. Scholars are
focused on the fascinating first-order problems that attracted them into their
disciplines (
FOSN for 4/8/02), and their talent is to concentrate. But
while their focus on other problems is understandable, they aggravate this
problem by ignoring it. These are smart people, yet they still tend to
say, "Don't fix what isn't broken," rather than "Which solution is
best?"
Scholars tend to notice that there are access problems to journal
literature when their own library doesn't carry a journal they need, or when
nearby libraries will not send a copy by inter-library loan because they don't
have permission to copy the electronic edition which has replaced their print
edition. But when scholars run into access barriers, they are slow to
realize that these are systemic, not the isolated misfortunes of researchers
with abstruse topics.
There are many good introductions to the dimensions and details of the
problem. Here's one of the best.
(2) There are several myths and misunderstandings about FOS. The
three most common and inimical are that FOS bypasses peer review, that it costs
money that cannot be found, and that it violates copyright. If true, these
myths would make FOS undesirable, impractical, and illegal. But all three
are false, as you know if you've been following this movement for any length of
time. If you are new to the issues and haven't already read their full
refutation, here are two sources.
(3) Scholars want to publish in prestigious journals, most of which are
still priced and printed. Open-access journals can be as prestigious as
any (see e.g. BMJ). But most open-access journals are new and it takes
time for new journals to gather prestige, even if their quality is impeccable
from the start. The solution is not to talk authors out of their
preference for prestige, but to create more open-access journals, staff them
with first-rate editors, and give them time.
(4) Scholars have a conflict of interest in their roles as authors and as
readers. As authors, they want prestigious journals which for the time
being are mostly priced. But as readers they want free online access to
full-text articles. In this conflict, authors prevail over readers because
authors decide where to submit their articles. For a growing number of
authors who realize that open-access journals give them a much wider audience
and give their research much greater impact, these benefits outweigh
prestige. But there are still many who don't realize that their favorite
priced, printed, and prestigious journals have a smaller audience than
open-access journals. When this sinks in, and especially when the prestige
of open-access journals grows to match their quality, then the conflict will
disappear and it will be clear that both authors and readers will benefit from
open access. But this will take time.
(5) Insofar as authors are forced by career pressures to choose a priced,
printed journal over an open-access journal, then the academic reward system is
also a part of the problem. Hiring and tenure committees that don't give
due weight to free online peer-reviewed journals, regardless of their quality,
make it too risky for untenured scholars to become part of the solution.
Ironically, junior faculty who face these pressures are the most clued-in and
most eager to realize the full potential of the internet.
(6) It is still much more the rule than the exception for journals to
demand that authors transfer their copyright. But giving a journal the
copyright to an article gives it the authority to decide whether access to the
article will be closed or open. Since most journals are priced, most will
limit access to paying customers. Priced journals wouldn't be
access-barriers if they didn't have the authority from copyright to decide
whether to permit open access.
(7) The transition to open access faces certain obstacles. Priced
journals want their revenue, either as profit or to minimize their losses.
Open-access journals must persuade a variety of institutions (universities,
libraries, foundations, governments) to accept a novel funding model. Even
if paying for dissemination costs much less than paying for access, the novelty
is a ground for hesitation and the new expense may fall where no expense fell
before. I've argued that the transition to an open-access funding model
may even create a prisoner's dilemma (
FOSN for 1/1/02).
(8) There are three vicious circles here that affect journal funding,
author incentives, and author opportunities. The first is the prisoner's
dilemma in the transition from the old funding model to the new. By paying
for the dissemination of articles rather than access to them, universities will
realize significant savings. But they may not be able to afford
dissemination fees until they can stop paying access fees, and they can't stop
paying access fees until the dissemination fee business model has generally
prevailed. The second vicious circle is that prestige is an important
incentive for authors to submit their articles to certain journals, but new
open-access journals can only gain prestige if they can give authors an
incentive to submit their articles. The third vicious circle is simply
that progress has been slow. This means that there are still comparatively
few open-access journals where authors can submit their work, and there are
still comparatively few institutional eprint archives offering open access to
the research output of their faculty.
Finally, I'd like to emphasize that these are explanations for the slow
rate of change, not grounds for pessimism. Explaining why the chicken is
on this side of the road doesn't mean that it can't walk to the other
side. There are many grounds for optimism; just look at the back issues of
this newsletter.
* Postscript. The beauty of open access makes it obvious, and its
obviousness makes it beautiful. Whichever way one approaches it, one will
be puzzled why it hasn't spread like fire. It's even more puzzling because
open access to scientific and scholarly journal articles is the low-hanging
fruit of the larger open-access movement. It's a much easier case than
open access to other kinds of digital content, such as software, music, film, or
non-academic literature, because scientists and scholars willingly relinquish
payment in order to publish their research, advance their careers, and
contribute to knowledge.
There are roughly two kinds of higher-hanging fruit: (1) open access
through copyright reform, and (2) open access through the consent of authors who
are not yet consenting. If we can we roll back recent copyright
extensions, that would move many copyrighted works into the public domain.
If we can restore the first-sale doctrine, then libraries may purchase digital
content and not just license it, and may then provide open access to the copies
they purchase. If open-access to novels really provides a net boost to the
sales of their print editions (
FOSN for 4/22/02), or if open access to digital
music gives a net boost to the sales of the same music on priced CD's (
FOSN for
5/6/02), then more novelists and musicians may be persuaded to consent to open
access.
We know why these two kinds of open access are distant prospects:
copyright reform is hard, and persuading profit-seeking creators to consent to
open-access is hard. But our case is the low-hanging fruit. Even if
it's not easy to pick, it's easier. Right? So why hasn't progress
been faster?
What's your answer to the big koan? If my answer is incomplete, what
am I leaving out?
FOS discussion forum
(Anyone may read; only subscribers may post; subscription is
free.)
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Housekeeping
* I'm still investigating a handful of possible new hosts for the FOS
Newsletter and discussion forum. Please forgive any ads that Topica may
insert into the newsletter before I finish picking a new host and making the
move.
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Developments
* SPARC has entered a partnership with BioMed Central (BMC), in which it
will help BMC ensure long-term free online access to its line of 50 journals in
biomedicine. BMC is committed to open access to all its journals now and
in the future, regardless of the future circumstances or ownership of BMC
itself. In its press release, SPARC praised BMC for its commitment to open
access to scientific research, its bold business model, and its concern for
sustainability.
* The National Institutes of Health has become an institutional member of
BMC. This is the latest in a series of important scientific institutions
which have endorsed BMC's business model, which provides open access for readers
and asks authors or their sponsors to bear the costs.
* Perseus is now an OAI service provider. Perseus is a free online
archive of digital texts from Ancient Greece and Rome, and more recently from
other cultures and periods.
* The Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP) is digitizing its entire
archive, which dates back to 1874. During 2002, the archive will be
available on the net without charge, but starting in 2003 users will have to pay
a small access fee. For this purpose, the "archive" consists of issues
more than 10 years old. Putting these texts online will take place in
three phases, the first of which has now been completed.
The IOP archive
* All 80,000 objects in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology have been
digitized and put on the internet for all to view free of charge. The
physical objects are housed in a small space in the Science Library of
University College London.
(Thanks to Managing Information Newsletter.)
* The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) has launched Scholars Portal,
a suite of tools giving library patrons a single interface to the electronic
resources on the web and in the user's library.
Scholars Portal is based in part on ARL's survey on how libraries use
portal software. Here's a brief summary of the survey results. ARL
will publish the full results later this year.
Scholars Portal
* The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) has released the beta of version 2.0
of its protocol for metadata harvesting. It is now available for
downloading. The OAI metadata harvesting protocol is the standard for
interoperable FOS archives.
* FAIR has announced its winning applicants (see
FOSN for 1/23/02).
FAIR is JISC's Focus on Access to Institutional Resources, a program to support
access to institutional content in higher education. FAIR will fund 14
projects.
X4L has also announced its winning applicants (see
FOSN for 1/23/02).
X4L is a JISC program to develop and repurpose digital content for teaching and
learning at the university level. X4L will fund 22 projects.
* The Research Libraries Group (RLG) has released a new version Eureka,
which uses OpenURL to provide context-sensitive links to materials held by the
user's library. Eureka uses RLG databases and OpenURL to digital resources
licensed by a client libraries.
* In a speech last Friday, Thomas Oppermann, science minister of Lower
Saxony, condemned large scientific journal publishers for price gouging that
harms university libraries and the taxpayers who support them. Oppermann
also argued that their monopolistic prices, which can rise by 30% per year,
constitute a serious danger for science ("ernsthaften Gefahr für die
Wissenschaft"). He has asked Germany's federal cartel office
(Bundeskartellamt) to investigate them for violating Germany's anti-trust
laws. (PS: Does anyone know of other nations that have noticed the
harm to taxpayers and who are acting to protect them in this way?)
* The Creative Commons will launch tomorrow. Currently the web site
carries only an announcement, but check it again soon. The Creative
Commons is a Lawrence Lessig initiative that will draft and print out custom
licenses for authors, musicians, and other content creators who want to provide
free online access to their works and yet retain enforceable rights e.g. to
block the publication of mangled, misattributed, or commercial versions (see
FOSN for 2/14/02). Authors will indicate the rights they wish to retain by
checking boxes on a web from. Software at the site will then assemble a
licensing agreement that assigns the remaining rights to the public
domain. The creators will mark their online work with an icon that links
back to the licensing agreement, which users may read in either a "lay" or a
legalistic version. The project will also act as a conservancy for the
content it licenses.
The Creative Commons
Amy Harmon story in the _New York Times_
----------
New on the net
* NASA has put online the proceedings of the Workshop on Experimental
OAI-Based Digital Library Systems (Darmstadt, September 8, 2001).
* The National Centre for Science Information and the Indian Institute of
Science have put online the proceedings of their workshop on Developing Digital
Libraries using Open Source Software (April 15-20, Bangalore). The
workshop focused on two open source packages, Eprints and Greenstone.
* The Library Association Copyright Alliance has put online the results of
its February conference on how UK law regulates copying for the purposes of
commercial research.
* South Bank University (SBU) has put online the powerpoints and a summary
of the proceedings of its workshop, Content Management for Information
Professionals (April 11, SBU).
* The Resource Discovery Network (RDN) conducted a user survey from
September 2001 to February 2002. The main question was how users evaluated
its quality. RDN has now posted the results online.
* PADI (Preserving Access to Digital Information) has put online a large,
annotated bibliography on long-term digital preservation.
* The Digital Preservation Coalition and the National Library of Australia
have launched a free online newsletter, "What's New in Digital
Preservation?"
----------
Share your thoughts
* The EC's Interactive Electronic Publishing sector is calling for scholars
interested in contributing to a study, "Future of Electronic Publishing Towards
2010". The deadline for tenders is June 17.
* The ERIC Clearinghouse on Information & Technology is calling for
papers for a peer-reviewed anthology on digital libraries for K-12
schools.
* JISC is looking for scholars and librarians willing to fill out a survey
on possible licenses with Oxford Reference Online and XReferPlus. Replies
are due by May 17.
Oxford Reference Online
XReferPlus
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In other publications
* The March-June issue of _eCulture_ is now online. It contains an
article by Andrea Mulrenin on "Technology for Tomorrow's Digital Cultural
Heritage" and news on many IST cultural heritage programs.
* In the May 14 _Business Week_, Stephen Wildstrom reports on the decline
of fair-use rights and the first-sale doctrine. "Hollywood has been on a
remarkable legislative and legal winning streak....Copyright law has always
tried to strike a delicate balance between the rights of content creators to be
compensated for their work and the rights of consumers to use what they have
paid for. But the development of digital media and Big Media's attempt to
completely control it have destroyed the delicate equilibrium that is copyright
law."
(Thanks to LIS News.)
* In the May 13 _Wall Street Journal_ Phyllis Plitch profiles Pamela
Samuelson, a crusader for copyright reforms that will support an information
commons and the public domain.
(WSJ is normally closed to non-subscribers, like me, but this article is
open.)
* In the May issue of _Library Management & Information Services_, G.E.
Gorman asks when digital collections are worth the cost. He/she lists four
economic advantages of digital collections (many points of access to one
resource, flexibility, low production costs, 24/7 availability), and four
economic disadvantages (piracy, difficulty of setting fair prices, licenses that
give access without ownership, and preservation).
* In the May issue of _Business 2.0, Matthew Maier creates an annotated
timeline of 20th century technologies that conflicted with contemporaneous
copyright law. In each case, copyright law was revised or reinterpreted to
allow new and better technologies to emerge.
* In the April 29 _Times Online_, Jim McCue describes the problem of
archiving the internet: its large size, its continuous change and growth,
the ephemeral nature of much of its content, and (as always) copyright.
The story is based on an interview with Lynne Brindley, chief executive of the
British Library. With the help of IBM, The British Library is starting an
experiment to archive British content.
(Thanks to Shelflife.)
* In the April _NordInfo_, Bernard Smith analyzes "EU policies for the
Knowledge Society". Smith is the head of the Cultural Heritage
Applications unit of the EU Directorate General Information Society.
* Several contributions to the _Conference on Computers, Freedom and
Privacy_ (April 16-19, San Francisco) are of interest to FOSN readers
Lance Hoffman, "Motivations Behind a Role Plan at CFP: Repeated
Assaults on the Constitution by Extremist Property Rights Advocates" (a critique
of the DMCA)
Drew Clark, "How Copyright Became Controversial" (answer, the DMCA)
Beth Givens, "Public Records on the Internet: The Privacy Dilemma"
(on the problem of excessive accessibility)
* Elizabeth Shaw has updated her "List of Resources and Bibliography for
Digitizing Research Collections for Access".
(Thanks to New Horizons in Scholarly Communication.)
* RLG and OCLC have released their report on long-term access and
preservation of the digital content of research organizations, "Trusted Digital
Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities".
----------
Following up (new developments in continuing stories)
To see past coverage of these stories in FOSN, use the search engine at the
FOSN archive.
* More on the CBDTPA
The May 10 issue of EFF's _EFFector_ has an excellent background piece on
the industry negotiations that lead to the CBDTPA and the recent decision by
Phillips to break ranks and oppose it.
* More on the Elcomsoft/Sklyrarov case
Judge Ronald Whyte has ruled against Elcomsoft's constitutional arguments
for dismissing the charges against it. Whyte held that source code is
protected speech, but that the DMCA did not regulate it in a way that violates
the First Amendment. Moreover, the DMCA is not unconstitutionally vague
e.g. for failing to make clear which circumvention devices are lawful and which
are unlawful. The reason is that it clearly bans them all. But
doesn't that undermine fair-use rights? Whyte's deeply confused and
confusing answer: "Fair use of a copyrighted work continues to be
permitted, as does circumventing use restrictions for the purpose of engaging in
a fair use, even though engaging in certain fair uses of digital works may be
made more difficult if tools to circumvent use restrictions cannot be readily
[i.e. legally] obtained." By eliminating these constitutional arguments,
Whyte made Elcomsoft's case turn only on the statute and the facts. He
also created another precedent to support the DMCA against future constitutional
challenges. The trial date will be set on May 20.
Full text of Whyte's ruling.
* More on cross-border censorship (whether French hate-speech law applies
to US-based Yahoo)
The CDT and ACLU have filed an amicus brief on behalf of Yahoo in its
appeal before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
(Thanks to Politech.)
Steven Bonisteel reviews the ACLU's role in two cyber-censorship cases, one
the France-Yahoo case.
* More on GeekPAC
Doc Searls describes the origin of GeekPAC and restates the need for
it.
* More on P2P censorship-bypassing technology
John Borland interviews Ian Clarke, developer of Freenet, for
_News.com_. Clarke replies to objections that his software could be useful
to terrorists and argues that it is needed more than ever since September
11. "[T]he only way that terrorists could really use [Freenet] would be to
share information with the general public....The goal of Freenet is to provide a
forum for free distribution of information."
* More on the USA PATRIOT Act
_Human Rights_, a journal published by The American Bar Association,
devotes its current issue to the PATRIOT Act.
(Thanks to Politech.)
* More on the plan to restrict dissemination of unclassified basic research
funded by the Pentagon
The Defense Department is withdrawing the plan. It is responding to
protests from scientists both inside and outside the government.
(The second story is accessible only to CHE subscribers.)
* More on the new EU Copyright Directive
The new directive further limits fair-use rights, e.g. forcing the disabled
to pay an extra fee to make handicap-accessible versions of digital
content. The Library Association Copyright Alliance is fighting for
amendments that would restore fair-use rights.
(Thanks to C-Fit.)
* More on the problem of excessive accessibility
The Judicial Conference of the United States has approved an experimental
plan for 11 federal courts to provide free online access to criminal
records. As recently as last September the same group refused to take this
step on the ground that it would create excessive accessibility to private
information, even though by law the information must be made public.
* More on the Digital Promise Project and the Digital Opportunity
Investment Trust
Senator Chris Dodd is submitting a bill to the Senate to create the Digital
Opportunity Investment Trust (DoIt). DoIt will be financed by the auction
of radio spectrum, and administered by the NSF. It is expected to be many
billions of dollars. The trust will support free online digital content in
the arts, sciences, and education. Dodd's bill has bipartisan support in
the Senate. Rep. Edward Markey is introducing a corresponding bill in the
House. In March, members of both houses asked the National Science Board
(NSB) to undertake an expedited study in preparation for the upcoming hearings
on the two bills. The study will be delivered to Congress on June 1.
----------
Catching up (old news I should have discovered earlier)
* eMedicine.com is a very large online collection of free and priced
medical books, journal articles, and software tools. It is supported by
advertising and fees for a subset of its content and services.
* The Museum of Online Museums is a portal to free online museum
exhibitions, from the Smithsonian and Art Institute of Chicago to the Museum of
Air Sickness Bags and the Collection of Japanese Manhole Covers.
(Thanks to the Scout Report.)
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Conferences
If you plan to attend one of the following conferences, please share your
observations with us through our discussion forum. (Conferences marked by
two asterisks are new since the last issue.)
* Copyright for Beginners [among librarians and information
professionals]
London, May 15
* A Day in the Life of an [Electronic] Journal Publisher
Chichester, May 16
* Shaping the Network Society: Patterns for Participation, Action and
Change
Seattle, May 16-19
* National Conference for Digital Government Research
Los Angeles, May 19-22
* Libraries in the Digital Age 2002
Dubrovnik, May 21-26
* Taking the Plunge: Moving from Print to Electronic Journals
London, May 22
* Online Submission and Peer Review. Sponsored by the Journals
Committee of the Professional & Scholarly Publishing Division of the
AAP.
New York, May 22
* CAiSE '02. Advanced Information Systems Engineering
Toronto, May 27-31
* Workshop on Personalization Techniques in Electronic Publishing on the
Web: Trends and Perspectives
Malaga, Spain, May 28
** Applications of Metadata. Sponsored by the Electronic Publishing
Specialist Group of the British Computer Society.
London, May 29
* Society for Scholarly Publishing (AAP)
Boston, May 29-31
* Fair Use Seminar
Portland, Oregon, May 30
* Off the Wall and Online: Providing Web Access to Cultural
Collections
Lexington, Massachusetts, May 30-31
* Multimedia Content and Tools: Towards Information and Knowledge
Systems
London, May 30-31
* Advancing Knowledge: Expanding Horizons for Information
Science
Toronto, May 30 - June 1
* Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2002
Provo, Utah, May 30 - June 1
* International Association of Technological University Libraries Annual
Conference: Partnerships, Consortia, and 21st Century Library
Science
Kansas City, June 2-6
* Digital Behavior: European Forum on Digital Content Creation,
Management, and Distribution
Cologne, June 4-8
* DELOS Workshop on Evaluation of Digital Libraries: Testbeds,
Measurements, and Metrics
Budapest, June 6-7
* Social Implicatoins of Information and Communication Technology
Raleigh, North Carolina, June 6-8
* Electronic Resources and the Social Role of Libraries in the Future
Sudak, Ukraine, June 8-16
* First International Semantic Web Conference
Sardinia, June 9-12
* Frontiers of Ownership in the Digital Economy: Information Patents,
Database Protection and the Politics of Knowledge
Paris, June 10-11
* IASSIST 2002: Accelerating Access, Collaboration, and
Dissemination
June 10-15
* The Commons in an Age of Globalisation. Ninth Biennial Conference
of the International Association for the Study of Common Property
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, June 17-21
* Informing Science and IT Education
Cork, June 19-21
* 8th International Conference of European University Information
Systems
Porto, June 19-22
* Finders Keepers, Losers Weepers: Exploiting the Online Environment
for Maximum Advantage
Birmingham, June 20-21
* Transforming Serials: The Revolution Continues
Williamsburg, Virginia, June 20-23
** Delivering Content to Universities and Colleges: The Challenges of
the New Information Environment. Sponsored by JISC, PA, and ALPSP.
London, June 21
* Choices and Strategies for Preservation of the Collective Memory
Bolzano, Italy, June 25-29
* CIG Seminar: REVEALed: The Truth Behind the National Database
of Resources in Accessible Formats
London, June 26
* 4th International JISC/CNI Conference
Edinburgh, June 26-27
* Digitisation Summer School for Cultural Heritage Professionals
Glasgow, June 30 - July 5
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The Free Online Scholarship Newsletter is supported by a grant from the
Open Society Institute.
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Peter Suber
Copyright (c) 2002, Peter Suber